\u81ea\u53e4\u5230\u4eca\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u670b\u53cb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e5f\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u8005\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80dc\u51fa\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u4e43\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8f85\u52a9\u8005\u76f8\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f85\u52a9\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u58eb\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u5408\u59cb\u7ec8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u7406\u7531\u3002\u2014\u2014\u963f\u514b\u987f\u52cb\u7235\uff08LordActon\uff09<\/p>\n
1
\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u90fd\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fb5\u8680\u7740\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u73cd\u89c6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u503e\u6ce8\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73cd\u89c6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u5374\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u7adf\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u6297\u62d2\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u4eba\u5904\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u9635\u7ebf\u3002\u4ece\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u5b9e\u60c5\u52bf\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u6d3e\uff08the conservative parties\uff09\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u522b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8bd5\u56fe\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5b83\u5374\u8ddd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\u6240\u6307\u79f0\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e4b\u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\u3002\u4e0d\u52a0\u8fa8\u6790\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5f53\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u634d\u536b\u8005\u4e0e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u634d\u536b\u8005\u4e0e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u90fd\u906d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u672c\u4e66\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8f83\u4e3a\u786e\u5207\u7684--\u4e00\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u505a\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u7684\u754c\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u9887\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e25\u683c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u5bf9\u6025\u5267\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3001\u4e14\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6301\u6709\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6b63\u662f\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u653f\u4f53\u8d56\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u6240\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u634d\u536b\u8005\u4ea6\u5c31\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u7248\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08the European type of conservatism\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u90a3\u79cd\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u690d\u5165\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5374\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u4e00\u53d1\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\u4e86\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u7c7b\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u81ea\u79f0\u4e86\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8fa8\u6790\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u6211\u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u628a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u7ee7\u7eed\u79f0\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u65e2\u4e0e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u5766\u7387\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u79f0\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e5f\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u6587\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u6d3e\uff08the party of liberty\uff09\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u9891\u7e41\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u5c45\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u552f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08rationalistic liberalism\uff09\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n
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2<\/p>\n
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3<\/p>\n
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\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u7edd\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176\u5173\u6ce8\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u63aa\u65bd\u548c\u6307\u4ee4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08directivist\uff09\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u53c8\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08protectionists\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u9891\u9891\u652f\u6301\u519c\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u7ba1\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ba1\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5374\u662f\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8fd8\u66fe\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e89\u62a2\u98ce\u5934\uff0c\u7aed\u5c3d\u5404\u81ea\u4e4b\u80fd\u4e8b\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4f01\u4e1a\u5927\u52a0\u8d2c\u635f\u3002<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
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\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8fd8\u65f6\u5e38\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1b\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u521d\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u7a0d\u52a0\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6b64\u4e00\u9053\u7406\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u8d8a\u662f\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u65b0\u9896\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u8d8a\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f18\u8d8a\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u628a\u201c\u6559\u5316\u201d\u522b\u4eba\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f7f\u547d---\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u6b23\u8d4f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u4e14\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u90a3\u79cd\u8d50\u4e88\u522b\u4eba\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6069\u60e0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u9887\u5177\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u80fd\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u73b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u624b\u5bf9\u4ed8\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u592b\u5987\uff08the Webbs\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8d39\u8fb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5730\u5730\u9053\u9053\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff1b\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u4e3b\u4e49\u540c\u6d41\u5408\u6c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e89\u53d6\u8bae\u5e2d\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u8001\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u6267\u653f\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\u8005\u8054\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u515a\u6d3e\uff1b\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u6267\u638c\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u6b64\u4e00\u6743\u529b\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51ef\u6492\u5f0f\u5bb6\u957f\u653f\u5236\uff08Caesaristic paterna1ism\uff09\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\u662f\u88ab\u8eb2\u8fc7\u4e86\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u515a\u6d3e\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8bf4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5360\u636e\u7740\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08mysticism\uff09\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u8ddd\u5343\u91cc\uff1b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5c45\u7136\u60f3\u6839\u636e\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5f00\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u91cd\u5efa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7406\u6027\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6781\u5176\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u4fe1\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e5f\u6781\u4e50\u610f\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u4e3a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u53ca\uff08non-rational\uff09\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u4e60\u60ef\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u613f\u610f\u6b63\u89c6\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u5176\u7406\u6027\u6240\u4e0d\u53ca\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u58f0\u79f0\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e0a\u6e90\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ece\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u5730\u575a\u6301\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6000\u7591\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5e76\u65e0\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u90a3\u79cd\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u597d\u6218\u7684\u4e14\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u5b97\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08antireligionism\uff09\u611f\u5230\u60b2\u54c0\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\uff1b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u524d\u8f88\u2014\u2014\u8001\u8f89\u683c\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u6807\u793a\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8001\u8f89\u683c\u515a\u4eba\u4e0e\u67d0\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6709\u7740\u6781\u4e3a\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u663e\u8457\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\u4ece\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6743\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u6df1\u5965\u795e\u5723\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u57df\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u9886\u57df\u4e43\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u52a0\u4ee5\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5df2\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u60ef\u5e38\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u79f0\u8c13\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u53ef\u786e\u5207\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u6d3e\u3002\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u665a\u8fd1\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6bcf\u6bcf\u5f53\u6211\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4e00\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u611f\u5230\u7684\u7591\u8651\u4ea6\u6108\u6765\u6108\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u552f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08liberalism of the utilitarians\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
1827\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u628a1688\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u8bf8\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6216\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u539f\u5219\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u610f\u6307\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u7740\u963f\u514b\u987f\u52cb\u7235\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff08\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5c06\u4f2f\u514b\u3001\u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u548c\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u901a\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e09\u4f4d\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u2022\u62c9\u65af\u57fa\uff08Harold Laski\uff09\u6240\u610f\u6307\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff08\u4ed6\u628a\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u548c\u963f\u514b\u987f\u52cb\u7235\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u6807\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5bf9\u6b64\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u80dc\u8363\u5e78\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4e5f\u6781\u60f3\u628a\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5927\u591a\u6570\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u79f0\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bf8\u4f4d\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u4e43\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u524d\u8bbe\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u4e16\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u5c01\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Liberalism\uff09\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u4e5f\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u81f3\u5c11\u4eceLloyd George \u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
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